Key Developments since last report

• In August, the Indian government abruptly revoked elements of the Indian constitution that had provided substantial autonomy for the Muslim-majority state of Jammu and Kashmir while preventing outsiders from acquiring property there. Ladakh, a traditionally Buddhist area, was split off from Jammu and Kashmir, and both were downgraded from state to union territory, meaning they would be governed by centrally appointed officials.
• Communications, internet access, and freedom of assembly were severely restricted following the August action. Thousands of Kashmiris—including politicians, students, journalists, and academics—were detained, often preemptively and without charge.
• Many public services, such as communications and transportation, and large parts of the economy ceased to function during the crisis. The security situation remained volatile at year’s end; at least 276 civilians, security personnel, and militants were killed in insurgent-related violence in 2019.